Rising Cases of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): A Global Perspective
The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) has reported a significant rise in respiratory viral infections, including human metapneumovirus (HMPV), in northern China since late 2024. This surge has prompted heightened surveillance in China and neighbouring countries. Cases have also been detected in Malaysia, India, and Kazakhstan. While HMPV is not new and has circulated globally for decades, its recent resurgence highlights the need for enhanced public health measures.
India has confirmed seven HMPV cases in children, with reports from Bengaluru, Nagpur, Tamil Nadu, and Ahmedabad. The Union Health Ministry is closely monitoring the situation through surveillance networks. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is tracking HMPV trends, and a recent nationwide preparedness drill has demonstrated India’s readiness for public health interventions. The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to provide timely updates on the situation in China, aiding global preparedness efforts.
What is HMPV?
Health experts clarify that HMPV is not a new virus; it was first identified in 2001 in the Netherlands, where researchers discovered it while investigating respiratory infections in children. Using advanced molecular techniques, they detected the virus in children with respiratory illnesses who tested negative for known pathogens.
HMPV typically becomes more active during late winter and spring. It affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts, causing symptoms like fever, cough, runny nose, and sore throat—similar to the common cold. However, severe cases can lead to complications such as asthma, ear infections, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, especially in vulnerable groups such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Pregnant women infected with HMPV may face respiratory complications that can affect maternal and fetal health.
HMPV spreads through respiratory droplets, personal contact, and contaminated surfaces. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), its incubation period is three to six days. Treatment focuses on symptom management, as no specific antiviral medications exist. Rest, hydration, over-the-counter medications, and, in severe cases, supplemental oxygen or intravenous fluids are common approaches. Preventive measures, such as handwashing, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, are crucial. Consulting a healthcare professional for severe symptoms is essential.
The Role of WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) continues to play a crucial role in addressing respiratory illnesses like COVID-19 and HMPV, despite criticisms about its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO remains a key player in global health. It has developed strategic preparedness plans, facilitated vaccine and treatment distribution, and emphasized transparency and international cooperation.
In response to the current HMPV surge, WHO has reassured the public that the virus is not new and primarily causes mild symptoms. WHO experts, including spokeswoman Dr. Margaret Harris, note that an increase in respiratory infections during the Northern Hemisphere’s winter months is expected. Preventive measures such as mask-wearing, good hand hygiene, and staying home when sick are recommended to curb the spread of respiratory infections.
Current Global Situation
China:
The China CDC has reported a sharp increase in HMPV infections since December 2024, particularly among children and the elderly. Hospitals have been overwhelmed with respiratory cases, though recent data suggests a decline in infection rates, offering relief to healthcare systems.
India:
India has reported over 15 cases of HMPV this season, with cases identified in Bengaluru, Gujarat, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. A 3-month-old infant in Bengaluru was diagnosed with HMPV and has since recovered. Karnataka health officials note that approximately 10% of adult pneumonia cases and 4-6% of viral illnesses in children are attributed to HMPV.
Kazakhstan:
Kazakhstan’s Ministry of Health reported 30 confirmed HMPV cases out of 8,360 tests conducted for respiratory infections. The virus is part of the seasonal rise in respiratory illnesses.
Malaysia and Other Regions:
Malaysia has seen a significant rise in HMPV cases, with 327 reported in 2024. Neighbouring countries, including Japan and Hong Kong, are monitoring the situation closely. Japan reported over 94,000 influenza cases in December 2024, underscoring the interconnectedness of respiratory illnesses during peak seasons.
Conclusion
Discovered in 2001, HMPV is a leading cause of respiratory infections, particularly among vulnerable populations. Its ability to escalate from mild symptoms to severe conditions like pneumonia underscores the importance of vigilance. Enhanced surveillance, improved diagnostics, and vaccine development are essential to manage this global health concern effectively. As the world grapples with HMPV’s resurgence, a collective commitment to public health measures and international cooperation will remain pivotal.
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